Ikan gurame (Indonesian Goramy, Osphronemus goramy, Lac.) merupakan salah satu ikan asli perairan Indonesia. Menurut Roese and Pauly (2008) ikan ini berasal dari kepulauan Sumatera, Jawa dan Kalimantan sedangkan penyebarannya sudah meliputi Asia Tenggara, Cina dan India. Namun, hasil penelitian sumber daya ikan ini sudah banyak diterbitkan di Amerika dan Eropa. Ikan ini dikenal dengan berbagai nama daerah, diantaranya: gurame, gurami, grameh atau kalui dan di masyarakat dikenal beberapa varietas, antara lain: porselin, soang, blue safir, batu, jepun, paris, bastar, jalak, jali, padang, galunggung dan lainnya.

Secara umum, dikenal dua kelompok ikan gurame, yaitu: jenis berwarna terang/putih dan berwarna gelap. Pada jenis warna terang/putih, hanya terdapat satu varitas, sedangkan pada jenis warna gelap, dengan karakterisasi morfologi menggunakan metode “truss morfometri”, terdapat 5 varitas yang sudah terindentifikasi pada tingkat benih (Rachmawati, 1995; Hardaningsih, 2001). Sedangkan menurut Roberts (1992), berdasarkan stok ikan di Borneo, ikan gurame dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga spesies. Hal yang berbeda dikemukan oleh Nugroho dkk (2002) yang menyatakan secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata pada allele frekuensi antara beberapa kelompok ikan gurami yang diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan pendekatan biokimia (isozyme). Pada ukuran yang lebih besar, bobot tubuh 2 – 3 kg/ekor, tidak didapatkan perbedaan morfologi antara ikan yang berasal dari Sukabumi, Ciamis, Purwokerto dan Bogor. Pada karakter fenotif, beberapa penelitian mengkonfirmasikan tidak adanya perbedaan yang nyata pada laju pertumbuhan antar kelompok ikan gurame (Wahyudi dkk, 1992; Rusmaedi dkk, 1993; Hardaningsih dkk, 2002; personal observation). Hasil ini sejalan dengan hasil perbandingan laju pertumbuhan benih dari kelompok jenis putih dan merah pada ukuran 0,5 gram (Wahyudi dkk, 1992) dan 50 gram (Rusmaedi dkk, 1993). Hal yang sama ditemukan pula pada pertumbuhan ikan gurami varitas Jalak, Paris dan Putih (Rachmawati, 1999).

Dari beragam data tersebut, pantaslah kemudian bertanya: layakkah gurame dikelompokkan pada varietas yang berbeda? jenis gurame apa yang paling unggul? Adakah pembeda yang nyata antar “klaim” strain? Kemudian pantaskah kemudian mempertanyakan: Benarkah strain soang memiliki keunggulan dibanding jenis lainnya? Menelusuri pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut, mohon dimengerti bahwa note ini hanya sekedar berbagi cerita dari sisi praktisi dan bukan dari sisi “tukang dagang”.

Semestinya, bila satu kelompok/populasi ikan diklaim sebagai satu varietas tertentu, harus memiliki setidaknya satu keunikan yang berbeda dibanding dengan varietas lainnya. Pada kasus ikan mas misalnya: strain sinyonya dikenal dengan warna kuning dan mata sipit. Bila terjadi warna kuning dengan mata yang menonjol maka sudah dianggap sebagai sinyonya yang tidak murni lagi. Kekhasan tersebut selalu terjadi pada berbagai lingkungan berbeda dan diturunkan secara nyata pada turunannya dari ukuran kecil hingga besar. Dan yang pasti, kekhasan tersebut dikenal dengan nama yang sama di masyarakat.

Pada gurame, adakah kekhasan tersebut yang selalu sama pada berbagai lingkungan dan yakin bahwa nama di satu daerah, misalnya soang Ciamis, menunjukkan perbedaan karakter dengan nama di daerah lainnya, misalnya jali Yogya? Atau jangan-jangan hanya sekedar penamaan yang lebih menekankan pada kekhasan daerah pengembangan untuk berbeda dengan daerah lainnya. Atau lebih dikhawatirkan lagi, penamaan hanya sekedar untuk menaikkan pamor dan harga jual, yang pada akhirnya semua orang menginginkan hanya membeli dan menjual gurame soang!!!

Pada banyak kesempatan, ada beberapa pihak yang mengemukakan ciri khas soang namun rasanya belum cukup meyakinkan untuk dapat diterima. Sulit diterima bila soang dicirikan dengan dua karakter warna berbeda: punggung hitam atau warna putih dengan spot hitam. Gurame putih dengan spot hitam (borontok) biasanya merupakan kawin-silang gurame punggung hitam dengan gurame putih. Sulit diterima bila soang dicirikan dengan benjolan kepala yang lebih menonjol dan dapat terjadi baik pada jantan atau betina. Benjolan kepala dipengaruhi oleh umur ikan dan cenderung dapat terjadi pada keduanya hanya saja pada jantan memang lebih menonjol. Sulit diterima soang diyakini dapat mencapai masa panen yang lebih singkat bila ukuran tebar, jumlah tebar dan aspek budidaya lain tidak diperhitungkan, sebagai contoh sudah pasti panen size 6-7 ons dapat lebih cepat bila ukuran tebar 3-3,5 ons dibanding 1,5-2 ons/ekor, apalagi dengan padat tebar rendah. Sama sulitnya menerima adanya fekunditas (jumlah telur pada induk betina) yang lebih tinggi pada nama tertentu dibanding nama lainnya tanpa mempertimbangkan bobot dan umur masing-masing nama (lebih realistis bila fekunditas didasarkan pada bobot relatif induk pada umur yang sama).

Tentunya, note ini bukan untuk menghakimi satu nama dibanding nama lainnya. Penelusuran kemungkinan adanya perbedaan karakteristik tentu harus dilakukan, baik secara fenotif (karakter yang tampak) ataupun genotif (dengan menggunakan marka/penanda DNA atau DNA marker), baik untuk tujuan penyeragamanan ataupun dalam rangka pemuliaan induk atau selective breeding. Langkah awal yang perlu dilakukan adalah dengan mengumpulkan berbagai nama berbeda pada satu kolam dengan lingkungan air yang sama kemudian para ahli/praktisi/pembudidaya menentukan perbedaan yang nampak. Sangat mungkin dua nama berbeda berasal dari satu ikan yang sama! Dapat pula dilakukan, memelihara suatu populasi ikan yang satu keturunan pada berbagai lingkungan warna air yang berbeda. Observasi personal menunjukkan adanya perubahan warna pada populasi ikan yang dapat menunjukkan dua atau tiga nama berbeda. Bila menginginkan penelusuran karakter morfologi/morfometri, ada baiknya berdasarkan pada berbagai ukuran ikan, bukan hanya pada tingkat benih, dan memastikan sumber benih yang berbeda, jangan sampai membandingkan benih misalnya dari Tulung Agung, Purwokerto dan Tasikmalaya, padahal telur Purwokerto dikirim ke Tulung Agung untuk dideder dan kemudian sebagian benihnya dijual ke Tasikmalaya! Dan tentunya, karakter fenotif yang masih dapat dibedakan kemudian dipastikan dengan penelusuran menggunakan DNA marker.

Name: Indonesian Giant Gouramy, Osphronemus goramy Lacapede
Nama: gurame, gurami, grameh, gurameh, kalui
Sex : Male (jantan)

Aku sudah lupa kapan foto ini diambil, tapi antara 1999an, di-scan tahun 2000-an kemudian dipublish di webnya BBAT (zaman dulu http://bbat-sukabumi.tripod.com/gurami1.jpg, kemudian tidak dikelola lebih lanjut, tapi beberapa konten masih aktif).  Belakangan aku upload di fishbase (sekaligus dengan gambar pasangannya, betina).

Aku ingin menampilkannya disini karena ikan ini telah memberi semangat, inovasi, inspirasi, kesabaran dan cinta

Bagi anda yang merasa pernah menggunakan foto ini, aku rela setulus hatiku.  Tapi baiknya dengan menyebut sumber dan jangan suka mengklaim milik anda apalagi mempublish tanpa menyebut nama (sayangnya, ada lembaga/peneliti yang sudah melakukannya.

Untuk diketahui, pada gambar ini ada tanda yang nyaris tidak mungkin sama dimiliki oleh foto lain, yaitu: ada potongan rumput kering pada sirip ekor

hallo, anybody! this’s our car

hallo, anybody! this’s our car (2)

tor sorro in erawan waterfall

its not a habit but hobby and my job…….!

once upon time in Kanchanaburi War Cemetry

LHRH/GnRH could be diluted in distilled water to achieve 1 mg/mL in concentration solution. That was further diluted with distilled water to get a stock solution, 100 µg/mL. Dopamine antagonist, domperidone, provided was in powder form or human medicine. A stock solution, 25 mg/mL, acquired by dilute 25 mg domperidone in 1 mL DMSO. Required combination hormone and dopamine antagonist were further diluted with DMSO or distilled water, as a solvent, to get injectable solution, equal to 1 mL injectable solution for 1 kg fish.

Example calculation based on different fish body weight
100 µg/mL LHRH : 1 mg/mL LHRH dissolved in 9 mL distilled water
25 mg/mL domperidone : 25 mg domperidone in 1 mL DMSO
Fish weight : 3 kg
Fish number : 6 fish (fish #1. 350 g, #2. 400 g, #3. 600 g, #4. 550 g, #5. 700 g, #6. 400 g)
Dosage of LHRH : 5 µg/kg
Dosage of domperidone : 10 mg/kg
Stock LHRH : (3 kg x 5 µg/kg)/100 µg/mL = 0.15 mL
Stock domperidone : (3 kg x 10 mg/kg)/25 mg/mL = 1.25 mL
Total injectable solution : 3 kg x 1 mL/1 kg = 3.00 mL
Solvent required : 3 mL – (0.15 + 1.25) mL = 1.60 mL
Injectable solution : (fish #1. 0.35 mL, #2. 0.40 mL, #3. 0.60 mL, #4. 0.55 mL, #5. 0.70 mL, #6. 0.40 mL)

Example calculation for mixed product based on same fish body weight
Fish weight : 3 kg
Fish number : 6 fish
Dosage of mixed product: 0.2 mL/kg
Dosage of injectable solution : 0.5 mL/fish
Total mixed product : (3 kg x 0.2 mL/kg) = 0.6 mL
Total injectable solution : (6 fish x 0.5 mL/fish) = 3.00 mL
Solvent required : 3.00 mL – 0.6 mL = 2.40 mL

dedicated to MYINT THEINGI SOE, thank a lot to your best capture

between two myanmar; you’re seen very beatifull and I’ll always miss you!

between two bhutan; I’ll always miss you, my brothers

between two sri lanka; massage center, only 200 bath, sir!

between two cambodia; helpfull and good job, friend!

between three thailand; thanks for your hospitality!

between philiphina and nepal; mama, see you next time!

between two vietnam and bangladesh; baba, why you always thinking? kiss me? no, kg……..!

from madagascar to mongolia: apologize, I lost my picture with you

between two organizer; thanks for your kinds, I just think to make this course more digestable……

come to father, turtle! thanks to my brother for best shot

juragan@9300i

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Participants

4. Lecture and Practical Work Subjects

5. Result of Training

6. Possibitilites for Training Result Application

7. Award

Acknowledgment

Reference

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disclaimer: chapter of Result of Training based on lecture and practical work. Please refer to original paper for citation.

Country:
INDONESIA

Organization:
Main Center of Freshwater Aquaculture Development (McFAD). The Center is a freshwater aquaculture development technical implementing unit of the Directorate General of Aquaculture, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia. (See: http://www.bbpbat.net).

Location and Facilities of Organization:
The Center is located in Jl. Selabintana 37, Sukabumi regency, Province of West Java, Indonesia, about 112 km toward south east of Jakarta, the capital of the Republic of Indonesia. See location: http://wikimapia.org/ #lat=-906659&lon=106.9347382&z=16&l=0&m=a&v=2
The Center lies on the area of 25.6 hectares that consist of 10 hectares of fish ponds, 12.6 hectares of paddy field and 3 hectares of office buildings, labs, guest house and other supporting facilities. The altitude is 700 m above sea level, with the daily temperature ranging from 20 to 27 °C, rainy day 144 days and rainfall 3.000 – 4.000 mm/year. Water that has been utilizing is supplied from the deep wells and surface water of Panjalu and Cisarua rivers.
The Center has facilities, included: 126 fish ponds, either land based pond or concrete pond; hatcheries for tilapia, carps, labyrinths, catfishes, bullfrog, freshwater lobster and ornamental fishes; fish health, water quality and nutrition laboratories; quarantine; running water system station in Cisaat village; floating net system in Cirata reservoir; giant freshwater prawn hatchery in Palabuhan Ratu area; 3 meeting rooms for 180 audiences and auditorium for 600 audiences; guest house (24 rooms, 84 beds); library; mosque for 150 prayers and sport field (volley ball, foot ball).

Detail of Present Job:
Based on the mentioned Minister’s decree, the duty assigned to McFAD is to carry out the development and application of breeding, culture, fish health management and freshwater aquaculture conservation techniques. Detail of duties, included:
Identification and formulation of freshwater aquaculture development programs;
Assessment on freshwater fish breeding and culture standards;
Assessment on equipments, machines and freshwater fish breeding, and culture techniques;
Implementation of freshwater fish breeding and culture standards application supervision;
Implementation of quality and freshwater fish breeding and culture person certification;
Implementation of production and management of parent stock and grand parent stock;
Observation on freshwater fish breeding, culture and pest-disease control;
Development of the techniques and assessment on the standards of the environment control and freshwater fish resources;
Management on assessment laboratories network and freshwater fish breeding and culture supervision;
Development and management of information system and publication on freshwater aquaculture;
Biodiversity management;
Implementation of administrative and internal affairs.

My responsibilities involve develop and disseminate of applied aquaculture technology and distribute of improved fish broodfish to fisherfolk, especially in several species, i.e.: Indonesian giant goramy (Osphronemus goramy), freshwater eel (Anguilla sp.) and bullfrog.

Expected Responsibilities after the Course:
Aquaculture production could be increased by applying advanced freshwater technology. There’s a few technology achieved by research institution transferred to fisherfolk and limited government officer has a skill to applying the technology. Advanced freshwater aquaculture course will give an opportunity to enhance my capability to applying advanced technology at both my Center and fisherfolk level.

2. AQUACULTURE INFORMATION

General Information:
Indonesia as an archipelago country has 26.000 islands and 81.000 km coastal lines. The extent areas with aquaculture potential at national level is estimated at around 15.59 million hectares, consisting of 2.23 million hectares with potential for freshwater aquaculture, 1.22 million hectares with potential for brackishwater aquaculture and 8.37 million hectares with mariculture potential. Currently, exploitation of this potential has only reached 10.1% for freshwater aquaculture, 40% for brackishwater aquaculture and 0.01% for mariculture.
In addition to the availability of fairly extensive areas, natural conditions in Indonesia greatly favor the development of aquaculture. With a territory longitudinally from Sabang (most west point) to Merauke (most east point), bisected by the equator, Indonesia is blessed with geophysical features beneficial for aquaculture. Water temperature in tropical regions is relatively stable throughout the year so that aquaculture activities can be carried out all year round. The varied inland and coastal landscapes provide opportunities for the development of aquaculture commodities which are also extremely varied. Some location have a climate typified by low rainfall and long periods of full sunlight, high light intensity, usually combined with dry and barren land, which have just the right conditions for the production of fish/aquatic animal seed. Groups of small islands scattered around larger islands serve as a protection from ocean waves, so that they provide safe central locations for the development of aquaculture regions.
During the years 2001 – 2005, the area used for aquaculture increased from 676.186 hectares to 810.189 hectares, consisting of mariculture areas, brackishwater ponds (shrimp pond), freshwater pond, floating net cages and irrigated rice field. This increase was caused by the increasing tendency towards the application of more advanced technology, the increase in areas under cultivation, and support in the form of adequate seed provision in terms of quantity and quality, as well as the availability of financial capital support for fisherfolks.

Aquaculture Practiced:
Varied aquaculture production system has been applied in Indonesia, either traditional, extensive or intensive production. Traditional aquaculture: fish culture is an additional activity beside other job, especially agriculture. There’re not production control and management, sometime annually harvest or as a “saving” (additional income for secondary purpose). No species-specific cultivated, usually mix-commodities in a pond and growing-up stage. Extensive aquaculture: fish culture is an additional activity but production controlled. Selected principles of aquaculture applied in small-scale order. Fish breeding naturally or induced hormonally, seed nursing in a specific pond and growing-up. Most of fisherfolk belong to this system. Intensive aquaculture: fish culture using production management. Fish seed supplied from itself or other hatchery. Growing-up system uses floating net cage, running water system or land-based pond.
Freshwater cultured fish seed mostly supplied from hatcheries and only some species are supplied from the wild. There are about 18 species of freshwater fish that have been successfully breeding in captive area (Table 1).

Species Culture:
The most commonly cultured species are common carp (Cyprinus carpio), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), catfish (Clarias sp. and Pangasianodon hypopthalmus), prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and gouramy (Osphronemus goramy). The other cultured species, i.e.: silver sharkminnow (Osteochillus hasseltii), river catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus), Java barb (Puntius gonionotus), cigar shark (Leptobarbus hoeveni), climbing perch (Anabas testudina), kissing gouramy (Helostoma temmincki), grass carp (Ctenoparingodon idella), freshwater eel (Anguilla sp.), freshwater lobster (Cherax sp.), ornamental fish and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).

Table 1. Successfully Breeding of Freshwater Fish in Hatchery in Indonesia.
Species, Breeding System Status: Natural; Induced; Artificial
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) V; V; V
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) V; -; -
African catfish, (Clarias gariepinus) V; V; V
Walking catfish, (Clarias batrachus) V; V; V
Sutchii catfish, (Pangasianodon hypopthalmus) -; -; V
Indonesian catfish, (Pangasius djambal) -; -; V
Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) V; -; -
Indonesian giant gouramy (Osphronemus goramy) V; -; V
Indonesian silver sharkminnow (Osteochillus hasseltii) V; V; V
River catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus) -; -; V
Java barb (Puntius gonionotus) V; V; V
Cigar shark (Leptobarbus hoeveni) -; -; V
Climbing perch (Anabas testudina) V; -; -
Kissing gouramy (Helostoma temmincki) V; -; -
Grass carp (Ctenoparingodon idella) -; V; -
Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) -; -; V
Freshwater lobster (Cherax sp.) V; -; -
Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) V; V; -
Several ornamental fish V; V; V

Aquaculture Production:
Freshwater aquaculture in Indonesia started with the stocking of common carp and giant goramy in backyard ponds in West Java and subsequently expanded to other parts of Java, Sumatera and Sulawesi island in early twentieth century and to others island in late twentieth century. However, it was only in the late 1970s when a remarkable increase in production from freshwater aquaculture was observed as a result of introduction of new farming technologies, which contributed to the availability of hatchery-produced seed and the development of compound feeds. Figure 1 show an increasing freshwater, brackishwater and mariculture aquaculture production.

Marketing/Trade Performance:
Indonesia has a comparative advantage in terms of geographical location, being relatively close to world markets. At the present time, the four main markets for world fisheries produce are China, Japan, the United States of America and the European Union. Two of these are within Asia-Pasific area close to Indonesia. The main fisheries market destinations in Asia are China and Japan. The development of newly industrialized countries in Asia, such as South Korea, China/Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia provides a great opportunity for Indonesian fisheries produce and opportunity to develop its fisheries-related industries. Figure 2 show development export total of fishery product.

Aquaculture Policy:
Aquaculture development driven to achieve goals, i.e.: 1) to increase foreign exchange earnings, increase income and create job opportunities as well as opportunities for enterprise, 2) to improve the nutritional quality of the diet of the Indonesian people through the consumption of fish, and 3) to protect, restore and conserve aquaculture resources. Within the framework of the revitalization program for aquaculture, the Indonesian government policy, by Directorate General of Aquaculture, is directed towards three programs, i.e.: program to increase aquaculture production for export, to increase aquaculture production for in-country consumption, and to protect and rehabilitate fisheries resources.
The implementation of policy to achieve aquaculture development will be carried out through three approaches, as follow: the development of aquaculture areas or zones, the development of prime commodities, and the development of aqua-business.
Five basic considerations in the development of aquaculture zones are market driven orientation, manageable, fisherfolk participatory, integrated system and infrastructure capacity. Development of aquaculture areas involves development of mariculture, brackishwater and aquaculture zones.
The development of prime commodities is aimed to accelerating the development of aquaculture activities for ten prime commodities, i.e.: shrimp, seaweed, tilapia, catfish (Clarias sp.), catfish (Pangasius sp.), goramy, grouper, milkfish, ornamental fish, and abalone.

Aquaculture Problem:
Development of the freshwater seed sector is very slow compared to marine fish and shrimp hatchery business. This may be market-related as freshwater fish are particularly intended for the local market and only small percentage is aimed for the export market. Other reasons include the decreasing quality of seed, inbreeding issues which caused slow growth and exporter requirement. Another obstacle to the development of the freshwater aquaculture sector is the non/limited-availability of credit for the small-scale farmer.

Problem Solving: A Case in Catfish:
African catfish (Indonesian name: Dumbo catfish, Clarias gariepinus) introduced to Indonesia in 1985 and cultured by fisherfolk in many provinces especially in Java Island. Good performance Dumbo catfish either growth or survival rate compared to local catfish (Clarias batrachus) and have been cultured in the small area increased aquaculture productivity on fisherfolk level. Unfortunately, massive seed production of Dumbo catfish with uncontrolled broodfish management such as inbreeding case was occurred due to decreases of seed quality. Inbreeded-Dumbo catfish can be identified on decreases of growth and survival rate and increase of fluctuating asymmetry. A study on fluctuating asymmetry showed that Inbreeded-Dumbo catfish seeds originated from some production region in Java Island have high asymmetry and abnormality (Nurhidayat, 2000).
Some of strategies have been carried out to improve of Dumbo catfish seed/broodfish quality at Main Center of Freshwater Freshwater Aquaculture Development Center (MCFAD) using backcross strategy. The researches including production of backcross broodfish (year 2000), progeny test of backcross broodfish and its seed (year 2001) and application of backcross broodfish production (year 2002 - 2004). The research result a new variety of catfish called SANGKURIANG catfish. SANGKURIANG catfish has better growth and reproduction characteristics than inbreeded-Dumbo catfish.
SANGKURIANG broodfish has higher fecundity 33.33% and older first gonad maturity than inbreeded-Dumbo. SANGKURIANG seed has higher growth rate 43.57% and 14.61% than inbreeded-Dumbo at 5 - 26 days and 26 - 40 days seed rearing, respectively. SANGKURIANG mature production result higher growth rate 11.36% and 16.44% than inbreeded-Dumbo at 0 - 200 gram/fish and 200 - 700 gram/fish, respectively. On marketable size production, SANGKURIANG reach Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 0.8 - 1.0.
Amount of 1035 fishes and 1324 fishes of registered broodfish and young broodfish had been distributed by MCFAD in 2004 and 2005 respectively to many local goverments as and The Broodfish Regional and some of them directly distributed to the farmer. The training course to the local government employee and some farmers has been conducted in MCFAD before they accept the fishes.
The farmers in some areas produced the seed of African catfish using protocol from MCFAD, and based of their information, the seed production was increased. The evaluation has conducted also by MCFAD using survey program to monitor the quality of the broodfish. On the other hand, government under responsibility of Directorate General of Aquaculture prepared national budget through bank credit assurance to enforcement capital at small scale fisherfolk.

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